FePt Nanoparticle Films Under in-situ Applied Magnetic Field

FePt Nanoparticle Films Under in-situ Applied Magnetic Field Synthesis and characteristics of FePt nanoparticle films under in-situ applied magnetic field Mo-Yun Gao, Xu Qian, Ai-Dong Li*, Xiao-Jie Liu, Yan-Qiang Cao, Chen Li, Di Wu Abstract FePt nanoparticle with L10-phase has extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, good chemical stability, and resistance to oxidation, and has been considered as the most promising candidate for untra-high-density magnetic recording media. In this work, in-situ magnetic field was applied during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles via a chemical solution method. FePt nanoparticle films were prepared by a dropping method. The effect of in-situ applied magnetic field on the structure, morphology and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticle films was characterized. Under magnetic field as-synthesized FePt nanoparticles are monodispersed and can be self-assembled over larger area by a dropping method. The chemically ordered L10-phase FePt can be obtained after annealing at 700  °C for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2+93% Ar). It is revealed that applied magnetic field during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles not only significantly improves the nanoparticles’ c-axis preferred orientation with the larger perpendicular c-axis preferred orientation degree D(001) of 3.47, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt nanoparticles from fcc to fct structure during the annealing process. The FePt nanoparticle films synthes ized under magnetic field also shows some magnetic anisotropy. Keywords: L10-phase FePt; Chemical solution synthesis; Applied magnetic field; C-axis oriented; Magnetic anisotropy 1. Introduction With the rapid development of magnetic recording technique, the superparamagnetic effect becomes the bottleneck to further increase magnetic storage density. The ferromagnetic L10 FePt assemblies with face-centered tetragonal (fct) structure has extremely high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, good chemical stability, and resistance to oxidation [1-3], considered as the most promising candidate for ultra-high-density magnetic recording media. Chemical solution method has become an attractive route to obtain FePt nanoparticles (NPs) with the controllable size, well-defined shape, and ordered monolayer assemblies since Sun et al. made great success in preparing monodisperse FePt NPs [4]. Based on this, a lot of studies have been conducted to explore and optimize the synthesis of FePt NPs, such as modifying fabrication methods [5-13], optimizing assembly methods [7,14-21] and fabricating FePt one-dimensional nanorods /nanowires [22-28] and so on. As-prepared fcc-FePt NPs need to be transformed to ferromagnetic fct-FePt, high temperature annealing will produce severe grain growth and particle aggregation, leading to the decrease of the particle positional order [29]. Great efforts have been made to suppress the unfavorable phenomenon upon annealing and worked. For example, element such as Ag [30], Au [31], and Sb [32] with low surface energy is doped into FePt NPs to abstain from the influence of annealing by decreasing the phase transition temperature of FePt. However, one defect is that the phase transition temperature is too high to avoid particle aggregation, another is that the morphology of FePt nanoparticle will become uncontrolled and self-assembled array over large area are destroyed after Sb doping. In addition, the core-shell structure of inorganic substance such as ZnO [33,34], MnO [35], NiO [36] and SiO2 [37] covering on FePt NPs solves the problem of sintering and aggregation of NPs. However, as the thickness and morphology of core-shell structure is uncontrolled and there exists strong magnetic dipole interaction between FePt magnetic NPs, making it difficult for self-assembled of NPs and orderly array over large area fail to form. Recently it reported that nonmagnetic films like Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) upon FePt NPs self-assembly array can improve the stability of FePt NPs under high temperature, preventing NPs from sintering and aggregation [38]. Other work like dispersing FePt NPs into the TiO2 substrate by sol-gel is a good way to protect FePt NPs during annealing [39], but element Fe of FePt will be lost in acidic TiO2 sol. In this work, we reported that in-situ magnetic field was applied during the synthesis process of FePt NPs and the dip coating process to form FePt NPs films. The FePt NPs were prepared via chemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 and thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 under different magnetic conditions in the presence of oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) at 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The prepared FePt NPs films were than annealed at 700 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2 + 93% Ar) to form the L10 phase of FePt. It is revealed that applied magnetic field not only significantly improves the c-axis preferred orientation, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt NPs from fcc to fct structure. The FePt NPs thin film synthesized under magnetic field also shows some magnetic anisotropy. Under magnetic field as-synthesized FePt NPs are monodispersed and can be self-assembled over larger area by a dropping method. 2. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis of FePt NPs FePt nanoparticles were synthesized through a standard polyol process with a modified synthetic condition using standard airless procedures under a gentle flow of pure nitrogen (N2) [12,39]. Typically, the FePt nanoparticles were prepared via chemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 and thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 under different magnetic conditions in the presence of oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) at 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. In a typical procedure, 0.125 mmol of Pt(acac)2 was mixed with 20 mL of phenyl ether under the gentle nitrogen gas flow. The mixture was heated to 50 °C, and stir until the platinum source dissolved completely in the solvent. After that the mixed solution was heated to 150 °C and 40 ÃŽ ¼L of oleic acid (OA),42.5 ÃŽ ¼L of oleylamine (OAm), and 80 ÃŽ ¼L of Fe(CO)5 were added step by step under different magnetic conditions with continuous stream of nitrogen. After that, the solution was heated up to 220  °C at the rate of 10  °C per minute., and refluxed for 30 min under the nitrogen protection. After the prepared black solution cooling down to the room temperature naturally, 50 ÃŽ ¼L of oleic acid (OA), 50 ÃŽ ¼L of oleylamine (OAm) and absolute ethanol were added into the mixture to a total volume of 80 mL. The black products were then precipitated by centrifugation (8000 r/min for 10 min) and the solution supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was then dissolved in 10 mL of hexane and precipitated again in 40 mL of absolute ethanol by centrifugation. The black FePt NPs were synthesized by repeating the separation process for 2~3 times. The magnetic NPs were dispersed in 6 mL of octane and stored in brown glass bottle under the nitrogen conditions. 2.2 Preparation of FePt NPs films Assembled FePt NPs on the HF-treated n-Si (100) substrates (1.0Ãâ€"1.0 cm2) were prepared by droping a drop of 2 mg/mL FePt solution (FePt NPs dispersed in octane) including a small amount of OA and OAm. As the organic solvent on the surface of FePt NPs was dried under the protection of N2 at room temperature, the FePt NPs were then heated to 120  °C and maintained for 2h in the baking oven to remove the organic solvent completely. In-situ magnetic field was applied in a patr of the samples during the dip coating process to form FePt NP films and another part were in nonmagnetic field for comparison. Three kinds of samples with different external magnetic field applied during the synthesis process and the dip coating process were listed in Table 1. The prepared FePt NP films were than annealed at 700 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 60 min in forming gas (7% H2 + 93% Ar) with a rising speed of 5  °C/min to form ordered fct-FePt before characterization. 2.3 Characterization The structure and crystalline phase were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/max 2000, Rigaku) using Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ » = 1.5406 Ã…) operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The morphology and microstructure of various samples were characterized using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F20 S-twin, FEI) operating at 200 kV. The compositions of all samples were analysed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attached to a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss). Magnetic properties of the fct-FePt were measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID, MPMS XL-7, Qauntum Design) with a maximum field of 35 kOe. 3. Results and discussion Figure 1 (a) and (b) show the XRD patterns of unannealed and annealed FePt NPs films under different magnetic conditions. In Fig. 1 (a), the emergence of two broad peak at 40.3 o and 46.9 o of all samples which represent the Bragg peaks (111) and (200) illustrate the fcc-FePt NPs of average grain size of 4.1 nm calculated by Scherrer equation were obtained. It is obvious that in sample 2# and 3#, the peak (200) are stronger and closer to the highest peak (111) where diffraction is most likely to occur compared with sample 1# without magnetic field applied, indicating that in-situ magnetic field applied during the synthesis process exhibit the trend for FePt NPs to align perpendicular to the (100) crystal plane. While magnetic field applied during dip coating process make no obvious effect before anneal via comparing sample 2# with 3#. High temperature annealing make the phase transform from fcc to fct as indicated by the emergence of the Bragg peaks of (001), (110), (002) and (201) a s shown in Fig. 1 (b). The Bragg peak (001) and (002) are much stronger with the magnetic field applied during the synthesis process among which the intensity of peak (001) has been ahead of main peak (111) and peak (002) split from peak (200) are higher than peak (200) apparently. It means that the fct-FePt NPs films with the magnetic field applied during the synthesis process after high temperature annealing exhibit c-axis preferred orientation that is fct-FePt NPs align along the c-axis perpendicular to the surface of films which is the easy axis of magnetization [40]. Magnetic field applied during both during the synthesis process and the dip coating process has slightly improve c-axis preferred orientation, inferior to sample 2#. We define the degree of c-axis preferred orientation D(001) of fct-FePt in direction [001] as follows [41]: D(001)= (I(001)/I(111))measure/(I(001)/I(111))standard where (I(001)/I(111))standard=0.3 is got in diffraction patterns of fct-FePt powder with random orientation, while (I(001)/I(111))measure can be calculated from the XRD patterns of annealed sample 1#, 2# and 3#. Degree of the chemical ordering parameter S was introduced to illustrate the degree of order of FePt NPs films quantificationally. It is defined as follows[42,43]: S2=[1-(c/a)measure]/[1-(c/a)standard] where c and a are the lattice constants for the fct-FePt, evaluated from the (001) and (110) Bragg peaks of the XRD patterns and the axial ratio (c/a)measure for the partially ordered phase can be calculated then. For the fully ordered-phase FePt, (c/a)complete = 0.9657. Some data of samples under different magnetic conditions are listed in Table 2, including unannealedI(200)/I(111), annealed I(001)/I(111), degree of the chemical ordering parameter S and degree of c-axis preferred orientation D(001). It is easily seen from Table 2 that samples 2# and 3# with external magnetic field applied have a certain degree of [200] preferred orientation before anneal, making [001] preferred orientation more obvious after anneal. Comparing the degree of the chemical ordering parameter S of all samples, we can see that applied magnetic field during the synthesis of FePt nanoparticles not only significantly improves the NPs’ c-axis preferred orientation with the larger perpendicular c-axis preferred orientation degree D(001) of 3.47, but also benefits the phase transition of FePt NPs from fcc to fct structure during the annealing process. The reason for obvious c-axis preferred orientation may attribute to the anisotropy induced by external magnetic field during the nucleation of FePt for that applied magnetic field changed the barrier of nucleation in different orientation ,making the ratio I(200)/I(111) bigger in superparamagnetic particles and a-axis orientation enhanced, which is mor e likely to be transformed to c-axis orientation during the process of films formation and high temperature annealing. 4. Conclusion Acknowledge This project is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51202107), a grant from the State Key Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2011CB922104), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Ai-Dong Li also thanks the support of Priority Academic Program Development in the Jiangsu Province and the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20120091110049). References [1] S. H. Sun, Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 393. [2] H. Zeng, J. Li, J. P. Liu, Z. L. Wang, and S. H. Sun, Nature. 420 (2002) 395. [3] D. Weller, A. Moser, L. Folks, M. E. Bet, W. Lee, M. Toney, M. Schwieckert, J. U. Thieleand, and M. F. Doerner, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 (2000) 10. [4] S. H. Sun, C. B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A. Moser, Science 287 (2000) 1989. [5] B. Jeyadevan, K. Urakawa, A. Hobo, N. Chinnasamy, K. Shinoda, K. Tohji, D. D. J. Djayaprawira, M. Tsunoda, M. Takahashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 42 (2003) L350. [6] M. 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Colorism: Black People and Skin Color Essay

Growing up as a youth being in an interracial family, I always experienced prejudice whether it was inside my home or out on the street. My father was an African-American, his family was accepting but all could see that they praised the fact that my skin was 5-6 shades lighter than that of my other cousins. This of course caused unresolved issues, issues that couldn’t and wouldn’t be talked about among us as children, but later on became deep conversation filled with tears and understanding because we were finally able to get from under the stigma that our parents were engulfed in because their parents had subjected them to the same treatment. While on the other hand, my mother’s side of the family is Irish, German, and Indian. They despised the fact that my father was an African-American man. I would hear my mother’s mother talk badly of my father. She even went as far as not to allow my father in her home. She was the hardest on me out of all the grand children when it came to disciplining us, because my father’s skin tone was that of a black man. They also tended to favor my mother’s eldest daughter because her father wasn’t an African-American. As a child growing up I experienced both positive and negative feedback for my skin color. But I must say that it was about 85% positive when not in the presence of my mother’s mother. Note I don’t say grandmother because she was hardly ever a grandmother toward s me, just because my skin color was that of a black girl, while my cousins were mostly fair skinned. Colorism in the United States is a stigma that won’t get lifted because of what slavery has embedded in the minds of African-Americans. According to wikipedia. com, Colorism is defined as a â€Å"Black-on-Black racism, based on skin-tone. † The discrimination is based on the idea that a person’s worth is directly related to the color of his or her skin, valuing lighter tones over darker tones. It’s commonly known that Colorism plagued the Black community after slavery and through the early to mid-twentieth century. In the early 1900’s, many black organizations, including colleges, practiced the â€Å"brown paper bag test† when accepting new members. If a person’s skin was not lighter than a brown paper bag, they would be denied admittance. Though the brown paper bag test is out of date and frowned upon as a shameful moment in African-American history, the ideals behind the practice still lingers in the African-American community. Modern-day Colorism rears its ugly head in the day to day lives of African-Americans every day. This issue has affected every hue or shade of blackness within the African-American community. In â€Å"The Color Complex† by Midge Wilson, Wilson addresses the issue by tracing the origin of Colorism, â€Å"To trace the origins of the color complex, we must return to the year 1607 when three ships sailed in Chesapeake Bay, stopping at Jamestown, Virginia, to establish the first English colony in the New World†¦.. It was a new land and a new era filled with possibilities. What might have been unthinkable in Europe and Africa was an everyday occurrence in the wilderness. Miscegenation, or race mixing, became widespread as Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans mixed their seed and substance to produce a kaleidoscope of skin tones and features. But these primary race groupings differed sharply in their civil liberties and political freedoms. Subtle variations in appearance took on enormous consequence in meaning, especially among Negros,† (Wilson, pg. 9). With the emphasis of color being placed in the forefront of the black community, blacks have let this issue set the stage for ignorance for over four hundred years. The effects of these actions have trickled down into some of the most prominent black organizations that define our community and our blackness, such as the NAACP, Jack and Jill, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, and etc. It is no secret that these types of organizations were created in order to create a faux safe haven for the wealth of the light-skinned mulattos. In the early years these organizations were called Blue Vein societies, because in order to quote â€Å"belong,† the test of how light you were was could you see your blue veins through your skin? And if they could, you were in. Works Cited â€Å"Colorism. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Nov 2009, 22:52 UTC. 2 Nov 2009 . Wilson, Midge, Russell Kathy. The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York: Harcourt Publishers, 1992.

“A Secret Lost in the Water” by Roch Carrier Essay

The story â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† by Roch Carrier, is about the importance of valuing something before it is lost. I would recommend this story to others because it conveys a strong reverence for nature on a spiritual level, it teaches the reader to value their elders and appreciate the wisdom and knowledge they pass down, and it treasures the relationship between a father and his son. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† should definitely be read by others because it conveys a strong spiritual veneration for nature. The words â€Å"Piety† and â€Å"Religious† are mentioned whenever the author talks about nature: â€Å"My father opened his pocket and cut the branch he selected with pious care.† This quote expresses the appreciation the father has for living things, and shows the spirituality in his gift by using the word â€Å"pious†. Later on in the story, the father says, â€Å"I’ve just taught you how to find a spring†¦It isn’t something you learn from school.† Through this, I can perceive that practicality is more important to the father than complexity. This story should be read and studied by others because it teaches the reader to value our elders and appreciate the wisdom and knowledge passed down. At the end of story, when the narrator is given a chance to recollect the talent passed down by his father in his early childhood, he struggles to perform the gift. As the narrator fails to hear the gushing water and feel the writhing branch, a fellow farmer says, â€Å"Nowadays fathers can’t pass on anything to the next generation.† This quote is very powerful, since it points directly to a message in the story, â€Å"Nowadays, children aren’t as willing to accept knowledge from their parents.† Also, in Roch’s childhood, the father says, â€Å"A man can get along without arithmetic, but he can never get along without water.† The water is a metaphor describing the skills and lessons his father taught him, and how the gift is vital to their relationship. Soon after, the father mentions that it was something that his father passed on to him, but now it is lost because the narrator claims that â€Å"Somewhere along the roads I had taken from my childhood, I had forgotten my father’s knowledge.† This citation represents the journey mankind is taking today, in the form of a metaphor. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† illustrates and compares the relationship between a father and his child. Roch’s father taught him a gift â€Å"you can’t learn from school†; and something that his own father taught him. Roch inherited the gift from his father, but lost it as life went on, as mentioned earlier in the essay. In addition, the farmer too experiences this moral, for he has the â€Å"finest farm in the area†, and his children do not want to inherit the farm, in which their father spends his whole life preparing for them. This portrays the social issue in the story, inheritance, and exemplifies the importance of valuing something before it is lost. â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots†. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water†, by Roch Carrier, is a deep and insightful story that should be used to educate mankind. It delivers a strong admiration for nature, it teaches the reader to respect our elders, appreciate the wisdom and knowledge that is passed down to us, and it illustrates the significance of a relationship between father and son.

Drug and Alcohol Addiction - 2900 Words

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The answer is quite simple they should be offered help within the justice system to help deterRead MoreDrugs, Al cohol, And Addiction Unit1486 Words   |  6 PagesDrug, Alcohol, and Addiction Unit Lesson One: Introduction to Alcohol Learning Objective: By the end of the lesson the students should have a good grasp on the fact that when you put alcohol in your body you can’t do things you normally would be able to do. Activity: Dollar Bill Jump Concept: When you are under the influence of some drugs, you have the belief that you can accomplish certain tasks when in reality you can’t. This activity sounds so easy that everyone thinks they could do it. HoweverRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug And / Alcohol Addiction858 Words   |  4 PagesIn a world where addiction is a somewhat ‘taboo’ topic, it is hard to open up and converse with perspective employers, on what issues you have in your personal world. Thank God for the chance to heal a large part of those issues prior to seeking new employment. (And, I suggest that you do) Recovery from drug and/or alcohol addiction is not easy as it is, so it is immensely imperative that you make the necessary considerations before looking to jump head first into the workforce again. Yes, thereRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug And Alcohol Addiction3284 Words   |  14 Pagesstudying multiple papers that have assessed the genetic contribution to addiction of drugs and alcohol, it is easy to show that genetics does have a major influence. Some people are born with a predisposition to become addicts, but genetics does not determine if you will become one. Environmental factors do show some effects as to whether the genes responsible for certain behaviors or tendencies are expressed to the point of addiction. By looking at twins, we can see that genetics can have a direct affectRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Abuse And Addiction1845 Words   |  8 PagesDrug and alcohol abuse and addiction contribute to the largest portion of all crime, and this correlation is the leading culprit to induce crime. (Goode, 2012) Although there is a common knowledge of drug and alcohol abuse, drug and alcohol abuse or addiction contributes to the largest portion of all crime, and this correlatio n is the foremost culprit to induce crime. Across the United States and throughout the world there is an epidemic of epic proportion involving drug and alcohol addiction. Addiction

Essay on Fossil Fuel Leads to Pollution - 560 Words

INTRODUCTION With the increase in population, there has been consistent demand in every arena for fuel. Human life is largely dependent on material things. These material things are produced and transported with the help of fuel driven mediums, but fuel is largely amassed in very few countries of the world especially middle- East countries. With the growth of the economy and consumption, the governments of many countries of the world are striving hard to find an alternative to the fossil fuel which is slow gradually depleting .Moreover, the fossil fuel leads to pollution and bad effects on human health. Keeping this into mind, bio-diesel would be natural choice for countries largely dependent on import so as to utilize the natural†¦show more content†¦Waste cooking oil (WCO), which is cheaper than edible vegetable oil, is a promising alternative to edible vegetable oil (6). Waste cooking oil and animal oils set forth significant disposal problems in many parts of the world. This environmentally-threatening problem could be turned into all the economical, waste management and environmental benefit by properly using and management of waste cooking oil as a fuel replacement. Many developed countries have set policies that punish the disposal of waste cooking oil into waste drainage (7, 8). The Energy Information Administration (EIA) in the United States (USA) estimated that around 100 million gallons of waste cooking oil are produced per day in the USA, where about 9 pounds of waste cooking oil(WCO) are generated per person per year [9]. The estimated amount of waste cooking oil collected in Europe is about 0.49 - 0.7 million gallons/day [10]. Waste cooking oil, as an alternative feed-stock for bio-diesel, was studied with different aspects such as optimization using supercritical methanol (SCM) trans-esterification, process design and technological assessment, fuel property analysis and cost estimation approaches [11-13].In this work, we have carried ou t experiments for the bio-diesel production from waste cooking oil(WCO) using conventional trans-esterificationShow MoreRelated Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use One of the main issues involved with fossil fuels are the environmental impacts that occur from their use. These problems; such as acid rain, oil spills, climate change, global warming, etc., are not only occurring with fossil fuel usage, but are also increasing due to the increase in the use of fossil fuels. This essay will vaguely explain the area of environmental impacts from fossil fuel use, and will attempt to change, or further increase your understandingRead MoreFossil Fuels And Their Impact On The Environment862 Words   |  4 PagesFossil Fuels and Their Impact on the Environment The amount of fossil fuels being deposited into the air should be controlled. Not only do fossil fuels pose a threat to the environment, but also to human health. The problem is not only noticeable in the depletion of human health, but also in the air, water, and land. Emissions are a concerning contribution to other problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases as well. One of the major factors of fossil fuels are vehicles. VehiclesRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution990 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution should be addressed more seriously, because it is the deadliest of pollutions killing millions of per year around the world. The pollutants in our environment are mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Air pollution has a massive impact on the environment. It also has an negative impact on the human body. Air pollution can be prevented by performing many simple tasks. Air pollution is extremely dangerous to the human body and the environment and should be dealt with more seriouslyRead MoreEssay about Energy and the Environment: Fossil Fuels511 Words   |  3 PagesEnergy and the Environment: Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are one of the most important things on this planet to the human race. Without fossil fuels we wouldnt have todays current means of transportation, we would have less heating for the general population, energy uses would be more expensive, and overall the economy and the world would not be able to sustain themselves. Even still, the fact that fossil fuels are on this planet will never change, but how we use them and what impacts their useRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1215 Words   |  5 PagesIf too much CO2 has escaped into our atmosphere can’t we just find ways to remove it? If it was that easy we would, but unfortunately it isn’t, nor is it cheap. Over the last century the human induced burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, increased the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, causing human induced climate changeRead MoreAlternative Energy Can Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels1227 Words   |  5 PagesAlternative Energy Can Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels In the U.S. alone, carbon dioxide emission levels have risen thirty percent since 2005. If the emissions continue to rise at this pace, the temperature of the Earth may rise by at most, thirteen degrees. Temperatures rising to that height could cause chaos across the world. With more and more people burning fossil fuels every day, this unfortunate future is likely to occur. Fortunately, using pollution free alternative energy could alter thisRead MorePollution, A Silent Death922 Words   |  4 PagesAws Alwattar Ms. White AP Biology May 19, 2015 Pollution, a silent death Imagine a world without pollution. A globe that’s free and open with clean and fresh air. Now this may sound like the perfect world to many, but to others it sounds impossible. It takes a lot to make it happen and there are many steps before reaching that perfect world. Pollution has many factors, from litter, garbage and plastics to oil spills, urban air and greenhouse gasses. Things like this cause natural disasters and environmentRead MoreViable Alternative Energy For Replace Fossil Fuels1724 Words   |  7 Pages Viable Alternative Energy to Replace Fossil Fuels Nauman Syed Zia University of Houston Nearly all of the United States production of energy comes from non-renewable sources, also known as fossil fuels. However, the problem with using fossil fuels to satisfy the United States ever-growing demand for power is that they are a limited resource and their production and usage cause a myriad of harmful environmental effects. There are other sources of energy available that do notRead MoreNuclear Power : A Source Of Energy881 Words   |  4 Pagesreliable, steady, and consistent from year to year. The growth of the wind power sources can lead to more jobs that will help America s and the world s economy grow (Williams,What Are the Different). What is the cleanest and safest type of alternative energy? To some people s surprise it is actually nuclear power. Nuclear power is the safest, cleanest, and cheapest alternative to carbon heavy fossil fuels (Switkowski). Nuclear fission is when atoms of molecules get split and then releases anRead MoreHow Can The United States Lessen Its Dependence On Fossil Fuels?1302 Words   |  6 PagesHow can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Joan Milton Western Governor’s University How can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Introduction The U.S obtains more than 84% of its energy from fossil fuels including oil, coal and natural gas. This is because people rely on it to heat their homes, power industries, run vehicles, manufacturing, and provision of electricity. It is apparent that the country’s transportation industry highly depends on

Social Security And Economic Security - 1311 Words

In 2033 a retiree with the average Social Security benefits of $1,294 will only receive 77% of this number or $996. This average retiree pays the average monthly costs for a single adult in Grand Rapids, Michigan of $1,323. This shows Social Security benefits today are sinking below the amount necessary to live. In the case the benefits are cut further, living on benefits will be impossible. This stays true to the 20% of retirees who rely on Social Security for all of their income. To make a truly accurate evaluation of Social Security one must look at the past which is why the following paragraphs will cover the programs history, its costs, and finally possible solutions to improve the program. History The idea for Social Security began when the Great Depression was at a climax, leaving retirees in intense poverty. One of the ways that President Roosevelt helped to combat this great poverty is by creating the Committee of Economic Security (CES), to study the need for an economic security system that would provide income for the disabled and elderly. In January 1935, the committee came to the President with a report summarizing a plan for a national program of economic security. On August 14, 1935 The Economic Security Act, today known as the Social Security Act, was passed by Congress and signed by Roosevelt (King). Over time, amendments were added to the Act. One of the most notable of these were added in 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. This amendment raised payrollShow MoreRelatedSocial Security And Economic Security1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn 18 years, Social Security benefits could drop so that millions will not have the money to survive. On the other hand, it could not exist entirely. Social Security funds are sinking due to its history, its inability to obtain funds, and the retirement of the Baby Boomer generation. To make a truly accurate evaluation of Social Security one must look at the past, present, and future of the program which is depicted in the following paragraphs through the program’s history, its costs, and finallyRead MoreEconomics and Social Security Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pagesindividuals disagree about the government’s role in intervening in the market for each of the goods you listed? A) An economic system is an organized approach to producing and distributing goods and services. It is an organize way to answer the three economic questions of what, how and to whom to produce. Although every country must have an economic system to answer these three economic questions, their method of producing and distributing largely depends on the countrys historical experience, formRead MoreEconomic Feasibility of the Social Security System1423 Words   |  6 PagesWill Social Security Survive the 21st Century? With all the concerns surrounding the economic feasibility of the Social Security system, perhaps the question should be asked whether the Social Security system would last another 20 years if drastic changes were not made soon. In the years leading up to 2011, when the first baby boomers would be eligible to start receiving Social Security benefits, alarms began to sound that the system was headed for trouble as this new deluge of retires, totallyRead MorePolitical Economic Stances On Social Security1381 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical-Economic Stances on Social Security: A Look into Liberalism and Social Democracy By merely glancing at the political systems across the world, it becomes clear that politics and the economy are inextricably tied. Both are institutions that maintain some sort of balance between freedom and equality, and both are associated with a variety of ideologies regarding what the best balance is (O’Neil 2013, 101 112). We often see how politics and economics influence each other, with policy focusingRead MoreThe United Nations and Its Humanitarian, Peace and Security, and Economic and Social Agencies1641 Words   |  7 PagesFood Program -WFP 11. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East -UNRWA 12. PEACE AND SECURITY AGENCIES 13. Department of Political Affairs- DPA 14. Department of Peacekeeping Operations- DPKO 15. Department for Disarmament Affairs Disarmament Issues- DDA 16. ECONOM#304;C AND SOC#304;AL AGENCIES 17. Department of Economic and Social Affairs- DESA 18. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development- UNCTAD 19. United Nations Environment Program- UNEP 20Read MoreThe Social Security Act Of 19351623 Words   |  7 Pages The Social Security Act of 1935 brought about several changes in the world. The Social Security Act of 1935 bill was passed on April 14, 1935 and signed into law on August 14, 1935 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in office. The Social Security Act was established to assist the elderly, old-aged workers, individuals involved in industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, the blind, and the physically and mentally disabled. Efforts in getting the Social Security Act of 1935 passed involvedRead MoreEssay on Retirement Revamping1377 Words   |  6 Pages Social Security is a major concern in American society today. Social Security first started in 1935 under President Roosevelt when he signed the Social Security Act that provided the elderly with guaranteed retirement income. In 1939, benefits for spouses, dependent children of retirees, and survivors of workers who die before retirement were implemented by congress. In the 1950’s, disabled workers were also given benefits. Now days, Social Security is under close scrutiny. Funds are depleting,Read MoreThe Social Security Program of USA1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe specific policy or program? When was it established? How does it serve older adults? (You can answer this last question in a few sentences.) For example, the program could fund long-term care, social services, or provide income support.) This does not have to be the longest section. Social security program is a retirement program for Americans aged 65 years and over. This consists of 92% of the entire American populace. Other beneficiaries of the program include the disabled, unemployed andRead MoreThe New Deal And Social Security Act Of 1935 Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesDeal and Social Security Act of 1935. Jacquelyn R. Ward United States History II: 1865-Present September 27, 2016 â€Æ' After the Great Depression, many Americans were left disheveled. They needed some form of financial assistance to help them get their lives back to normal. Many government officials such as Hurbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt helped to enact bills and programs that would assist Americans in rehabilitating their lives. The amount of unemployed workers, the economic reliefRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Pension Disbursement1645 Words   |  7 PagesGradually, the Social Security Administration has grappled to accommodate a host of novel demographic trends, namely those impacting the retirement sector of the American population. Continuously, with advances in the medical realm, the senior population is steadily extending its lifespan, and thus, retirement altogether, introducing a wealth of new economic considerations. As human longevity increases, the Social Security system proves increasingly unsustainable, specifically in the pension department-among

Thomas Jefferson Essay Research Paper Thomas Jefferson free essay sample

Thomas Jefferson Essay, Research Paper Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 in Albemarle County, Va. Jefferson attended the College of William and Mary and so studied jurisprudence with George Wythe. In 1769 he began six old ages as a representative in the Virginia House of Burgesses. In 1770 he began constructing Monticello on land inherited by his male parent. Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton. They had six kids. Merely two of them survived into their maturity. His married woman died on September 6, 1782. Jefferson was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence. When Jefferson returned to Virginia, he served in the House of Delegates until 1779. While the American Revolution continued, Jefferson wanted to liberalise Virginia? s Torahs. Jefferson introduced different measures that were resisted. His measure to make a free system of revenue enhancement supported simple instruction for all except slaves was defeated. Jefferson? s measure on spiritual autonomy wasn? T passed until 1786. In June 1779, Jefferson was elected governor of Virginia. His political enemies criticized his public presentation as governor. From 1784 to 1789, Jefferson lived outside the United States. He was sent to Paris as a commissioner to assist negociate commercial pacts. When Jefferson left Paris on September 26, 1789, he expected to return to his station. When he came back Congress appointed him to secretary of province. In 1796, Jefferson became the presidential campaigner of the Democratic-Republican portion. Jefferson lost to John Adams and became vice-president. Jefferson? s victory of president was delayed as a consequence of a tie with Aaron Burr. Federalist leaders opposed Jefferson, but the people approved his policies. Internal revenue enhancements were reduced, the military budget was cut and programs were made to extinguish the public debt. Jefferson? s chief concern for his 2nd term of presidential term was foreign personal businesss. He was the first president to be inaugurated in Washington. The purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803 was the most noteworthy act of his disposal. In the concluding 17 old ages of his life, Jefferson? s major achievement was the initiation of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He planned it, designed it, and supervised it. On July 4, 1826, the fiftieth day of remembrance of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson died at Monticello. Jefferson had and tremendous assortment of involvements and accomplishments, runing from instruction and scientific discipline to architecture and music.